source: src/main/java/weka/attributeSelection/PrincipalComponents.java @ 27

/*
 *    This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 *    it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 *    the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 *    (at your option) any later version.
 *
 *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 *    GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 *    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 *    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
 *    Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
 */

/*
 *    PrincipalComponents.java
 *    Copyright (C) 2000 University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
 *
 */

package weka.attributeSelection;

import java.util.Enumeration;
import java.util.Vector;

import weka.core.Attribute;
import weka.core.Capabilities;
import weka.core.FastVector;
import weka.core.Instance;
import weka.core.DenseInstance;
import weka.core.Instances;
import weka.core.Matrix;
import weka.core.Option;
import weka.core.OptionHandler;
import weka.core.RevisionUtils;
import weka.core.SparseInstance;
import weka.core.Utils;
import weka.core.Capabilities.Capability;
import weka.filters.Filter;
import weka.filters.unsupervised.attribute.NominalToBinary;
import weka.filters.unsupervised.attribute.Normalize;
import weka.filters.unsupervised.attribute.Remove;
import weka.filters.unsupervised.attribute.ReplaceMissingValues;

/**
 <!-- globalinfo-start -->
 * Performs a principal components analysis and transformation of the data. Use in conjunction with a Ranker search. Dimensionality reduction is accomplished by choosing enough eigenvectors to account for some percentage of the variance in the original data---default 0.95 (95%). Attribute noise can be filtered by transforming to the PC space, eliminating some of the worst eigenvectors, and then transforming back to the original space.
 * <p/>
 <!-- globalinfo-end -->
 *
 <!-- options-start -->
 * Valid options are: <p/>
 * 
 * <pre> -D
 *  Don't normalize input data.</pre>
 * 
 * <pre> -R
 *  Retain enough PC attributes to account 
 *  for this proportion of variance in the original data.
 *  (default = 0.95)</pre>
 * 
 * <pre> -O
 *  Transform through the PC space and 
 *  back to the original space.</pre>
 * 
 * <pre> -A
 *  Maximum number of attributes to include in 
 *  transformed attribute names. (-1 = include all)</pre>
 * 
 <!-- options-end -->
 *
 * @author Mark Hall (mhall@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
 * @author Gabi Schmidberger (gabi@cs.waikato.ac.nz)
 * @version $Revision: 5987 $
 */
public class PrincipalComponents 
  extends UnsupervisedAttributeEvaluator 
  implements AttributeTransformer, OptionHandler {
  
  /** for serialization */
  static final long serialVersionUID = 3310137541055815078L;
  
  /** The data to transform analyse/transform */
  private Instances m_trainInstances;

  /** Keep a copy for the class attribute (if set) */
  private Instances m_trainHeader;

  /** The header for the transformed data format */
  private Instances m_transformedFormat;

  /** The header for data transformed back to the original space */
  private Instances m_originalSpaceFormat;

  /** Data has a class set */
  private boolean m_hasClass;

  /** Class index */
  private int m_classIndex;

  /** Number of attributes */
  private int m_numAttribs;

  /** Number of instances */
  private int m_numInstances;

  /** Correlation matrix for the original data */
  private double [][] m_correlation;

  /** Will hold the unordered linear transformations of the (normalized)
      original data */
  private double [][] m_eigenvectors;
  
  /** Eigenvalues for the corresponding eigenvectors */
  private double [] m_eigenvalues = null;

  /** Sorted eigenvalues */
  private int [] m_sortedEigens;

  /** sum of the eigenvalues */
  private double m_sumOfEigenValues = 0.0;
  
  /** Filters for original data */
  private ReplaceMissingValues m_replaceMissingFilter;
  private Normalize m_normalizeFilter;
  private NominalToBinary m_nominalToBinFilter;
  private Remove m_attributeFilter;
  
  /** used to remove the class column if a class column is set */
  private Remove m_attribFilter;

  /** The number of attributes in the pc transformed data */
  private int m_outputNumAtts = -1;
  
  /** normalize the input data? */
  private boolean m_normalize = true;

  /** the amount of varaince to cover in the original data when
      retaining the best n PC's */
  private double m_coverVariance = 0.95;

  /** transform the data through the pc space and back to the original
      space ? */
  private boolean m_transBackToOriginal = false;
  
  /** maximum number of attributes in the transformed attribute name */
  private int m_maxAttrsInName = 5;

  /** holds the transposed eigenvectors for converting back to the
      original space */
  private double [][] m_eTranspose;

  /**
   * Returns a string describing this attribute transformer
   * @return a description of the evaluator suitable for
   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
   */
  public String globalInfo() {
    return "Performs a principal components analysis and transformation of "
      +"the data. Use in conjunction with a Ranker search. Dimensionality "
      +"reduction is accomplished by choosing enough eigenvectors to "
      +"account for some percentage of the variance in the original data---"
      +"default 0.95 (95%). Attribute noise can be filtered by transforming "
      +"to the PC space, eliminating some of the worst eigenvectors, and "
      +"then transforming back to the original space.";
  }

  /**
   * Returns an enumeration describing the available options. <p>
   *
   * @return an enumeration of all the available options.
   **/
  public Enumeration listOptions () {
    Vector newVector = new Vector(3);
    newVector.addElement(new Option("\tDon't normalize input data." 
                                    , "D", 0, "-D"));

    newVector.addElement(new Option("\tRetain enough PC attributes to account "
                                    +"\n\tfor this proportion of variance in "
                                    +"the original data.\n"
                                    + "\t(default = 0.95)",
                                    "R",1,"-R"));
    
    newVector.addElement(new Option("\tTransform through the PC space and "
                                    +"\n\tback to the original space."
                                    , "O", 0, "-O"));
                                    
    newVector.addElement(new Option("\tMaximum number of attributes to include in "
                                    + "\n\ttransformed attribute names. (-1 = include all)"
                                    , "A", 1, "-A"));
    return  newVector.elements();
  }

  /**
   * Parses a given list of options. <p/>
   *
   <!-- options-start -->
   * Valid options are: <p/>
   * 
   * <pre> -D
   *  Don't normalize input data.</pre>
   * 
   * <pre> -R
   *  Retain enough PC attributes to account 
   *  for this proportion of variance in the original data.
   *  (default = 0.95)</pre>
   * 
   * <pre> -O
   *  Transform through the PC space and 
   *  back to the original space.</pre>
   * 
   * <pre> -A
   *  Maximum number of attributes to include in 
   *  transformed attribute names. (-1 = include all)</pre>
   * 
   <!-- options-end -->
   *
   * @param options the list of options as an array of strings
   * @throws Exception if an option is not supported
   */
  public void setOptions (String[] options)
    throws Exception {
    resetOptions();
    String optionString;

    optionString = Utils.getOption('R', options);
    if (optionString.length() != 0) {
      Double temp;
      temp = Double.valueOf(optionString);
      setVarianceCovered(temp.doubleValue());
    }
    optionString = Utils.getOption('A', options);
    if (optionString.length() != 0) {
      setMaximumAttributeNames(Integer.parseInt(optionString));
    }
    setNormalize(!Utils.getFlag('D', options));

    setTransformBackToOriginal(Utils.getFlag('O', options));
  }

  /**
   * Reset to defaults
   */
  private void resetOptions() {
    m_coverVariance = 0.95;
    m_normalize = true;
    m_sumOfEigenValues = 0.0;
    m_transBackToOriginal = false;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the tip text for this property
   * @return tip text for this property suitable for
   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
   */
  public String normalizeTipText() {
    return "Normalize input data.";
  }

  /**
   * Set whether input data will be normalized.
   * @param n true if input data is to be normalized
   */
  public void setNormalize(boolean n) {
    m_normalize = n;
  }

  /**
   * Gets whether or not input data is to be normalized
   * @return true if input data is to be normalized
   */
  public boolean getNormalize() {
    return m_normalize;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the tip text for this property
   * @return tip text for this property suitable for
   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
   */
  public String varianceCoveredTipText() {
    return "Retain enough PC attributes to account for this proportion of "
      +"variance.";
  }

  /**
   * Sets the amount of variance to account for when retaining
   * principal components
   * @param vc the proportion of total variance to account for
   */
  public void setVarianceCovered(double vc) {
    m_coverVariance = vc;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the proportion of total variance to account for when
   * retaining principal components
   * @return the proportion of variance to account for
   */
  public double getVarianceCovered() {
    return m_coverVariance;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the tip text for this property
   * @return tip text for this property suitable for
   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
   */
  public String maximumAttributeNamesTipText() {
    return "The maximum number of attributes to include in transformed attribute names.";
  }

  /**
   * Sets maximum number of attributes to include in
   * transformed attribute names.
   * @param m the maximum number of attributes
   */
  public void setMaximumAttributeNames(int m) {
    m_maxAttrsInName = m;
  }

  /**
   * Gets maximum number of attributes to include in
   * transformed attribute names.
   * @return the maximum number of attributes
   */
  public int getMaximumAttributeNames() {
    return m_maxAttrsInName;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the tip text for this property
   * @return tip text for this property suitable for
   * displaying in the explorer/experimenter gui
   */
  public String transformBackToOriginalTipText() {
    return "Transform through the PC space and back to the original space. "
      +"If only the best n PCs are retained (by setting varianceCovered < 1) "
      +"then this option will give a dataset in the original space but with "
      +"less attribute noise.";
  }

  /**
   * Sets whether the data should be transformed back to the original
   * space
   * @param b true if the data should be transformed back to the
   * original space
   */
  public void setTransformBackToOriginal(boolean b) {
    m_transBackToOriginal = b;
  }
  
  /**
   * Gets whether the data is to be transformed back to the original
   * space.
   * @return true if the data is to be transformed back to the original space
   */
  public boolean getTransformBackToOriginal() {
    return m_transBackToOriginal;
  }

  /**
   * Gets the current settings of PrincipalComponents
   *
   * @return an array of strings suitable for passing to setOptions()
   */
  public String[] getOptions () {

    String[] options = new String[6];
    int current = 0;

    if (!getNormalize()) {
      options[current++] = "-D";
    }

    options[current++] = "-R";
    options[current++] = ""+getVarianceCovered();

    options[current++] = "-A";
    options[current++] = ""+getMaximumAttributeNames();

    if (getTransformBackToOriginal()) {
      options[current++] = "-O";
    }
    
    while (current < options.length) {
      options[current++] = "";
    }
    
    return  options;
  }

  /**
   * Returns the capabilities of this evaluator.
   *
   * @return            the capabilities of this evaluator
   * @see               Capabilities
   */
  public Capabilities getCapabilities() {
    Capabilities result = super.getCapabilities();
    result.disableAll();
    
    // attributes
    result.enable(Capability.NOMINAL_ATTRIBUTES);
    result.enable(Capability.NUMERIC_ATTRIBUTES);
    result.enable(Capability.DATE_ATTRIBUTES);
    result.enable(Capability.MISSING_VALUES);
    
    // class
    result.enable(Capability.NOMINAL_CLASS);
    result.enable(Capability.NUMERIC_CLASS);
    result.enable(Capability.DATE_CLASS);
    result.enable(Capability.MISSING_CLASS_VALUES);
    result.enable(Capability.NO_CLASS);
    
    return result;
  }

  /**
   * Initializes principal components and performs the analysis
   * @param data the instances to analyse/transform
   * @throws Exception if analysis fails
   */
  public void buildEvaluator(Instances data) throws Exception {
    // can evaluator handle data?
    getCapabilities().testWithFail(data);

    buildAttributeConstructor(data);
  }

  private void buildAttributeConstructor (Instances data) throws Exception {
    m_eigenvalues = null;
    m_outputNumAtts = -1;
    m_attributeFilter = null;
    m_nominalToBinFilter = null;
    m_sumOfEigenValues = 0.0;
    m_trainInstances = new Instances(data);

    // make a copy of the training data so that we can get the class
    // column to append to the transformed data (if necessary)
    m_trainHeader = new Instances(m_trainInstances, 0);
    
    m_replaceMissingFilter = new ReplaceMissingValues();
    m_replaceMissingFilter.setInputFormat(m_trainInstances);
    m_trainInstances = Filter.useFilter(m_trainInstances, 
                                        m_replaceMissingFilter);

    if (m_normalize) {
      m_normalizeFilter = new Normalize();
      m_normalizeFilter.setInputFormat(m_trainInstances);
      m_trainInstances = Filter.useFilter(m_trainInstances, m_normalizeFilter);
    }

    m_nominalToBinFilter = new NominalToBinary();
    m_nominalToBinFilter.setInputFormat(m_trainInstances);
    m_trainInstances = Filter.useFilter(m_trainInstances, 
                                        m_nominalToBinFilter);
    
    // delete any attributes with only one distinct value or are all missing
    Vector deleteCols = new Vector();
    for (int i=0;i<m_trainInstances.numAttributes();i++) {
      if (m_trainInstances.numDistinctValues(i) <=1) {
        deleteCols.addElement(new Integer(i));
      }
    }

    if (m_trainInstances.classIndex() >=0) {
      // get rid of the class column
      m_hasClass = true;
      m_classIndex = m_trainInstances.classIndex();
      deleteCols.addElement(new Integer(m_classIndex));
    }

    // remove columns from the data if necessary
    if (deleteCols.size() > 0) {
      m_attributeFilter = new Remove();
      int [] todelete = new int [deleteCols.size()];
      for (int i=0;i<deleteCols.size();i++) {
        todelete[i] = ((Integer)(deleteCols.elementAt(i))).intValue();
      }
      m_attributeFilter.setAttributeIndicesArray(todelete);
      m_attributeFilter.setInvertSelection(false);
      m_attributeFilter.setInputFormat(m_trainInstances);
      m_trainInstances = Filter.useFilter(m_trainInstances, m_attributeFilter);
    }
    
    // can evaluator handle the processed data ? e.g., enough attributes?
    getCapabilities().testWithFail(m_trainInstances);

    m_numInstances = m_trainInstances.numInstances();
    m_numAttribs = m_trainInstances.numAttributes();

    fillCorrelation();

    double [] d = new double[m_numAttribs]; 
    double [][] v = new double[m_numAttribs][m_numAttribs];

    Matrix corr = new Matrix(m_correlation);
    corr.eigenvalueDecomposition(v, d);
    m_eigenvectors = (double [][])v.clone();
    m_eigenvalues = (double [])d.clone();

    // any eigenvalues less than 0 are not worth anything --- change to 0
    for (int i = 0; i < m_eigenvalues.length; i++) {
      if (m_eigenvalues[i] < 0) {
        m_eigenvalues[i] = 0.0;
      }
    }
    m_sortedEigens = Utils.sort(m_eigenvalues);
    m_sumOfEigenValues = Utils.sum(m_eigenvalues);

    m_transformedFormat = setOutputFormat();
    if (m_transBackToOriginal) {
      m_originalSpaceFormat = setOutputFormatOriginal();
      
      // new ordered eigenvector matrix
      int numVectors = (m_transformedFormat.classIndex() < 0) 
        ? m_transformedFormat.numAttributes()
        : m_transformedFormat.numAttributes() - 1;

      double [][] orderedVectors = 
        new double [m_eigenvectors.length][numVectors + 1];
      
      // try converting back to the original space
      for (int i = m_numAttribs - 1; i > (m_numAttribs - numVectors - 1); i--) {
        for (int j = 0; j < m_numAttribs; j++) {
          orderedVectors[j][m_numAttribs - i] = 
            m_eigenvectors[j][m_sortedEigens[i]];
        }
      }
      
      // transpose the matrix
      int nr = orderedVectors.length;
      int nc = orderedVectors[0].length;
      m_eTranspose = 
        new double [nc][nr];
      for (int i = 0; i < nc; i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < nr; j++) {
          m_eTranspose[i][j] = orderedVectors[j][i];
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Returns just the header for the transformed data (ie. an empty
   * set of instances. This is so that AttributeSelection can
   * determine the structure of the transformed data without actually
   * having to get all the transformed data through transformedData().
   * @return the header of the transformed data.
   * @throws Exception if the header of the transformed data can't
   * be determined.
   */
  public Instances transformedHeader() throws Exception {
    if (m_eigenvalues == null) {
      throw new Exception("Principal components hasn't been built yet");
    }
    if (m_transBackToOriginal) {
      return m_originalSpaceFormat;
    } else {
      return m_transformedFormat;
    }
  }

  /**
   * Gets the transformed training data.
   * @return the transformed training data
   * @throws Exception if transformed data can't be returned
   */
  public Instances transformedData(Instances data) throws Exception {
    if (m_eigenvalues == null) {
      throw new Exception("Principal components hasn't been built yet");
    }

    Instances output = null;

    if (m_transBackToOriginal) {
      output = new Instances(m_originalSpaceFormat);
    } else {
      output = new Instances(m_transformedFormat);
    }
    for (int i = 0; i < data.numInstances(); i++) {
      Instance converted = convertInstance(data.instance(i));
      output.add(converted);
    }

    return output;
  }

  /**
   * Evaluates the merit of a transformed attribute. This is defined
   * to be 1 minus the cumulative variance explained. Merit can't
   * be meaningfully evaluated if the data is to be transformed back
   * to the original space.
   * @param att the attribute to be evaluated
   * @return the merit of a transformed attribute
   * @throws Exception if attribute can't be evaluated
   */
  public double evaluateAttribute(int att) throws Exception {
    if (m_eigenvalues == null) {
      throw new Exception("Principal components hasn't been built yet!");
    }

    if (m_transBackToOriginal) {
      return 1.0; // can't evaluate back in the original space!
    }

    // return 1-cumulative variance explained for this transformed att
    double cumulative = 0.0;
    for (int i = m_numAttribs - 1; i >= m_numAttribs - att - 1; i--) {
      cumulative += m_eigenvalues[m_sortedEigens[i]];
    }

    return 1.0 - cumulative / m_sumOfEigenValues;
  }

  /**
   * Fill the correlation matrix
   */
  private void fillCorrelation() {
    m_correlation = new double[m_numAttribs][m_numAttribs];
    double [] att1 = new double [m_numInstances];
    double [] att2 = new double [m_numInstances];
    double corr;

    for (int i = 0; i < m_numAttribs; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j < m_numAttribs; j++) {
        if (i == j) {
          m_correlation[i][j] = 1.0;
        } else {
          for (int k = 0; k < m_numInstances; k++) {
            att1[k] = m_trainInstances.instance(k).value(i);
            att2[k] = m_trainInstances.instance(k).value(j);
          }
          corr = Utils.correlation(att1,att2,m_numInstances);
          m_correlation[i][j] = corr;
          m_correlation[j][i] = corr;
        }
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Return a summary of the analysis
   * @return a summary of the analysis.
   */
  private String principalComponentsSummary() {
    StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
    double cumulative = 0.0;
    Instances output = null;
    int numVectors=0;

    try {
      output = setOutputFormat();
      numVectors = (output.classIndex() < 0) 
        ? output.numAttributes()
        : output.numAttributes()-1;
    } catch (Exception ex) {
    }
    //tomorrow
    result.append("Correlation matrix\n"+matrixToString(m_correlation)
                  +"\n\n");
    result.append("eigenvalue\tproportion\tcumulative\n");
    for (int i = m_numAttribs - 1; i > (m_numAttribs - numVectors - 1); i--) {
      cumulative+=m_eigenvalues[m_sortedEigens[i]];
      result.append(Utils.doubleToString(m_eigenvalues[m_sortedEigens[i]],9,5)
                    +"\t"+Utils.
                    doubleToString((m_eigenvalues[m_sortedEigens[i]] / 
                                    m_sumOfEigenValues),
                                     9,5)
                    +"\t"+Utils.doubleToString((cumulative / 
                                                m_sumOfEigenValues),9,5)
                    +"\t"+output.attribute(m_numAttribs - i - 1).name()+"\n");
    }

    result.append("\nEigenvectors\n");
    for (int j = 1;j <= numVectors;j++) {
      result.append(" V"+j+'\t');
    }
    result.append("\n");
    for (int j = 0; j < m_numAttribs; j++) {

      for (int i = m_numAttribs - 1; i > (m_numAttribs - numVectors - 1); i--) {
        result.append(Utils.
                      doubleToString(m_eigenvectors[j][m_sortedEigens[i]],7,4)
                      +"\t");
      }
      result.append(m_trainInstances.attribute(j).name()+'\n');
    }

    if (m_transBackToOriginal) {
      result.append("\nPC space transformed back to original space.\n"
                    +"(Note: can't evaluate attributes in the original "
                    +"space)\n");
    }
    return result.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Returns a description of this attribute transformer
   * @return a String describing this attribute transformer
   */
  public String toString() {
    if (m_eigenvalues == null) {
      return "Principal components hasn't been built yet!";
    } else {
      return "\tPrincipal Components Attribute Transformer\n\n"
        +principalComponentsSummary();
    }
  }

  /**
   * Return a matrix as a String
   * @param matrix that is decribed as a string
   * @return a String describing a matrix
   */
  private String matrixToString(double [][] matrix) {
    StringBuffer result = new StringBuffer();
    int last = matrix.length - 1;

    for (int i = 0; i <= last; i++) {
      for (int j = 0; j <= last; j++) {
        result.append(Utils.doubleToString(matrix[i][j],6,2)+" ");
        if (j == last) {
          result.append('\n');
        }
      }
    }
    return result.toString();
  }

  /**
   * Convert a pc transformed instance back to the original space
   * 
   * @param inst        the instance to convert
   * @return            the processed instance
   * @throws Exception  if something goes wrong
   */
  private Instance convertInstanceToOriginal(Instance inst)
    throws Exception {
    double[] newVals = null;

    if (m_hasClass) {
      newVals = new double[m_numAttribs+1];
    } else {
      newVals = new double[m_numAttribs];
    }

    if (m_hasClass) {
      // class is always appended as the last attribute
      newVals[m_numAttribs] = inst.value(inst.numAttributes() - 1);
    }

    for (int i = 0; i < m_eTranspose[0].length; i++) {
      double tempval = 0.0;
      for (int j = 1; j < m_eTranspose.length; j++) {
        tempval += (m_eTranspose[j][i] * 
                    inst.value(j - 1));
       }
      newVals[i] = tempval;
    }
    
    if (inst instanceof SparseInstance) {
      return new SparseInstance(inst.weight(), newVals);
    } else {
      return new DenseInstance(inst.weight(), newVals);
    }      
  }

  /**
   * Transform an instance in original (unormalized) format. Convert back
   * to the original space if requested.
   * @param instance an instance in the original (unormalized) format
   * @return a transformed instance
   * @throws Exception if instance cant be transformed
   */
  public Instance convertInstance(Instance instance) throws Exception {

    if (m_eigenvalues == null) {
      throw new Exception("convertInstance: Principal components not "
                          +"built yet");
    }

    double[] newVals = new double[m_outputNumAtts];
    Instance tempInst = (Instance)instance.copy();
    if (!instance.dataset().equalHeaders(m_trainHeader)) {
      throw new Exception("Can't convert instance: header's don't match: "
                          +"PrincipalComponents\n"
                          + instance.dataset().equalHeadersMsg(m_trainHeader));
    }

    m_replaceMissingFilter.input(tempInst);
    m_replaceMissingFilter.batchFinished();
    tempInst = m_replaceMissingFilter.output();

    if (m_normalize) {
      m_normalizeFilter.input(tempInst);
      m_normalizeFilter.batchFinished();
      tempInst = m_normalizeFilter.output();
    }

    m_nominalToBinFilter.input(tempInst);
    m_nominalToBinFilter.batchFinished();
    tempInst = m_nominalToBinFilter.output();

    if (m_attributeFilter != null) {
      m_attributeFilter.input(tempInst);
      m_attributeFilter.batchFinished();
      tempInst = m_attributeFilter.output();
    }

    if (m_hasClass) {
       newVals[m_outputNumAtts - 1] = instance.value(instance.classIndex());
    }

    double cumulative = 0;
    for (int i = m_numAttribs - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
      double tempval = 0.0;
      for (int j = 0; j < m_numAttribs; j++) {
        tempval += (m_eigenvectors[j][m_sortedEigens[i]] * 
                    tempInst.value(j));
       }
      newVals[m_numAttribs - i - 1] = tempval;
      cumulative+=m_eigenvalues[m_sortedEigens[i]];
      if ((cumulative / m_sumOfEigenValues) >= m_coverVariance) {
        break;
      }
    }
    
    if (!m_transBackToOriginal) {
      if (instance instanceof SparseInstance) {
      return new SparseInstance(instance.weight(), newVals);
      } else {
        return new DenseInstance(instance.weight(), newVals);
      }      
    } else {
      if (instance instanceof SparseInstance) {
        return convertInstanceToOriginal(new SparseInstance(instance.weight(), 
                                                            newVals));
      } else {
        return convertInstanceToOriginal(new DenseInstance(instance.weight(),
                                                      newVals));
      }
    }
  }

  /**
   * Set up the header for the PC->original space dataset
   * 
   * @return            the output format
   * @throws Exception  if something goes wrong
   */
  private Instances setOutputFormatOriginal() throws Exception {
    FastVector attributes = new FastVector();
    
    for (int i = 0; i < m_numAttribs; i++) {
      String att = m_trainInstances.attribute(i).name();
      attributes.addElement(new Attribute(att));
    }
    
    if (m_hasClass) {
      attributes.addElement(m_trainHeader.classAttribute().copy());
    }

    Instances outputFormat = 
      new Instances(m_trainHeader.relationName()+"->PC->original space",
                    attributes, 0);
    
    // set the class to be the last attribute if necessary
    if (m_hasClass) {
      outputFormat.setClassIndex(outputFormat.numAttributes()-1);
    }

    return outputFormat;
  }

  /**
   * Set the format for the transformed data
   * @return a set of empty Instances (header only) in the new format
   * @throws Exception if the output format can't be set
   */
  private Instances setOutputFormat() throws Exception {
    if (m_eigenvalues == null) {
      return null;
    }

    double cumulative = 0.0;
    FastVector attributes = new FastVector();
     for (int i = m_numAttribs - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
       StringBuffer attName = new StringBuffer();
       // build array of coefficients
       double[] coeff_mags = new double[m_numAttribs];
       for (int j = 0; j < m_numAttribs; j++)
         coeff_mags[j] = -Math.abs(m_eigenvectors[j][m_sortedEigens[i]]);
       int num_attrs = (m_maxAttrsInName > 0) ? Math.min(m_numAttribs, m_maxAttrsInName) : m_numAttribs;
       // this array contains the sorted indices of the coefficients
       int[] coeff_inds;
       if (m_numAttribs > 0) {
          // if m_maxAttrsInName > 0, sort coefficients by decreasing magnitude
          coeff_inds = Utils.sort(coeff_mags);
       } else {
          // if  m_maxAttrsInName <= 0, use all coeffs in original order
          coeff_inds = new int[m_numAttribs];
          for (int j=0; j<m_numAttribs; j++)
            coeff_inds[j] = j;
       }
       // build final attName string
       for (int j = 0; j < num_attrs; j++) {
         double coeff_value = m_eigenvectors[coeff_inds[j]][m_sortedEigens[i]];
         if (j > 0 && coeff_value >= 0)
           attName.append("+");
         attName.append(Utils.doubleToString(coeff_value,5,3)
                        +m_trainInstances.attribute(coeff_inds[j]).name());
       }
       if (num_attrs < m_numAttribs)
         attName.append("...");
         
       attributes.addElement(new Attribute(attName.toString()));
       cumulative+=m_eigenvalues[m_sortedEigens[i]];

       if ((cumulative / m_sumOfEigenValues) >= m_coverVariance) {
         break;
       }
     }
     
     if (m_hasClass) {
       attributes.addElement(m_trainHeader.classAttribute().copy());
     }

     Instances outputFormat = 
       new Instances(m_trainInstances.relationName()+"_principal components",
                     attributes, 0);

     // set the class to be the last attribute if necessary
     if (m_hasClass) {
       outputFormat.setClassIndex(outputFormat.numAttributes()-1);
     }
     
     m_outputNumAtts = outputFormat.numAttributes();
     return outputFormat;
  }
  
  /**
   * Returns the revision string.
   * 
   * @return            the revision
   */
  public String getRevision() {
    return RevisionUtils.extract("$Revision: 5987 $");
  }

  /**
   * Main method for testing this class
   * @param argv should contain the command line arguments to the
   * evaluator/transformer (see AttributeSelection)
   */
  public static void main(String [] argv) {
    runEvaluator(new PrincipalComponents(), argv);
  }
}